Anti-glypican-3 antibody

ABSTRACT

An anti-glypican-3 antibody comprising one or more amino acid substitutions introduced in the Fc region is disclosed. Preferably, in the anti-glypican-3 antibody, one or more of the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326, 330 and 332 in the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues. Since the Fc-modified anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention exhibit enhanced ADCC activity, it is useful in treating cancers, such as hepatic cancer. Also disclosed are an anticancer agent comprising the anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as a method of treating a patient with cancer comprising administering to the patient the anticancer agent of the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an anti-glypican-3 antibody. Specifically, the present invention relates to an anti-glypican-3 antibody which has modifications in the amino acid sequence of the Fc region and exhibits enhanced ADCC activity.

BACKGROUND

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is one of a heparan sulfate proteoglycan family existing on the surface of cells, and it is suggested that GPC3 may participate in cell division in development and in growth of cancer cells, but its function is not as yet well clarified.

It has been found that a certain antibody binding to GPC3 has a cell growth-inhibiting effect through its ADCC (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity) activity and CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) (WO2003/000883, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In the case where an anticancer agent utilizing the cytotoxicity activity of an antibody is developed, it is desirable that the antibody to be used has enhanced ADCC activity. Thus, an anti-GPC3 antibody having enhanced cytotoxicity activity is desired for the GPC3-recognizing antibody.

An object of the invention is to provide an anti-GPC3 antibody having enhanced cytotoxicity as compared with conventional antibodies.

SUMMARY

It was found that an anti-glypican-3 antibody with enhanced ADCC activity may be obtained by modifying the amino acid sequence in the Fc region of the antibody.

In one aspect, the present invention provides an anti-glypican-3 antibody comprising one or more amino acid substitutions introduced in the Fc region.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which one or more of the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326, 330 and 332 in the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of:

(a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residue at the position 332 of the Fc region is substituted with another amino acid residue;

(b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues;

(c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues;

(d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues;

(e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of:

(a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region;

(b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, leucine at the position 330, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region;

(c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, alanine at the position 298, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region;

(d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, threonine at the position 326, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region;

(e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, alanine at the position 298, glutamic acid at the position 326, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of:

(a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residue at the position 332 of the Fc region is substituted with glutamic acid;

(b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, leucine, and glutamic acid, respectively;

(c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid, respectively;

(d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, threonine, and glutamic acid, respectively;

(e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and glutamic acid, respectively.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an anticancer agent comprising the anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as a method of treating a patient with cancer comprising administering to the patient the anticancer agent of the invention.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing an anti-glypican-3 antibody with enhanced cytotoxicity comprising:

(i) culturing a host cell engineered to express a polynucleotide coding for an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which one or more of the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted by other amino acid residues; and

(ii) isolating the antibody from the culture.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing an anti-glypican-3 antibody with enhanced cytotoxicity comprising:

(i) culturing a host cell engineered to express a polynucleotide coding for an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residue         at the position 332 of the Fc region is substituted with another         amino acid residue;     -   (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues         at the positions 239, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are         substituted with other amino acid residues;     -   (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues         at the positions 239, 298 and 332 of the Fc region are         substituted with other amino acid residues;     -   (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues         at the positions 239, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are         substituted with other amino acid residues;     -   (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues         at the positions 239, 298, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are         substituted with other amino acid residues; and

(ii) isolating the antibody from the culture.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing an anti-glypican-3 antibody with enhanced cytotoxicity comprising:

(i) culturing a host cell engineered to express a polynucleotide coding for an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having glutamic acid at the         position 332 of the Fc region;     -   (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the         position 239, leucine at the position 330, and glutamic acid at         the position 332 of the Fc region;     -   (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody aspartic acid at the position         239, alanine at the position 298, and glutamic acid at the         position 332 of the Fc region;     -   (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the         position 239, threonine at the position 326, and glutamic acid         at the position 332 of the Fc region;     -   (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the         position 239, alanine at the position 298, glutamic acid at the         position 326, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc         region; and

(ii) isolating the antibody from the culture.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of:

(a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34;

(b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35;

(c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36;

(d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37; and

(e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the scheme for preparing the Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows the result of SDS-PAGE analysis of a purified Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a chromatogram of a purified Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican-3 antibody analyzed through a gel permeation column.

FIG. 4 shows the ADCC activity against SK-03 cells of the Fc-modified and wild-type humanized anti-glypican-3 antibodies, using human peripheral blood-derived PBMC.

FIG. 5 shows the ADCC activity against HepG2 cells of the Fc-modified and wild-type humanized anti-glypican-3 antibodies, using mouse marrow-derived effector cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides an antibody having modifications in the Fc region. FIG. 1 shows the structure and preparation scheme of the Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention.

In general, the antibody is a heterotetramer of about 150,000 daltons, and comprises two same light (L) chains and two same heavy (H) chains. Each light chain is bound to the heavy chain via one covalent disulfide bond, and the number of the disulfide bonds between the heavy chains varies depending on the isotype of antibody. The heavy chain and the light chain each have intra-chain disulfide bridges at certain intervals. Each heavy chain has a variable domain (VH) at one terminal thereof, and has many constant domains linked thereto. Each light chain has a variable domain (VL) at one terminal thereof and has a constant region at the other terminal thereof. The constant region of the light chain is in parallel to the first constant region of the heavy chain, and the variable region of the light chain is in parallel to the variable region of the heavy chain. It is believed that specific amino acid residues form an interface of the variable domain of the light chain and the heavy chain (Clothia et al., J. Mol. Biol., 186:651-666 (1985); Novotny and Haber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:4592-4596 (1985), all hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The light chain of a vertebrate-derived antibody may be classified into two different types, referred to as kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), based on the amino acid sequence of the constant region thereof. In addition, the antibody may be classified into different classes based on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of the heavy chain thereof. The antibody includes at least five main classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, and some of them may be classified into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3 and IgG-4; IgA-1 and IgA-2. The heavy chain constant domains of different classes are referred to as α, δ, ε, γ and μ. The subunit structure and the three-dimensional structure of immunoglobulin of each class are known in the art. It is also known that there exist allotypes in the sequence of the Fc region of IgG-1, for example, Glm(1), nGlm(1), Glm(2), Glm(3), nGlm(17), etc. (M. S. Schanfield and E. van Loghem, “Human Immunoglobulin Allotypes” Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vol. 3, ch94, pp1-18, Blackwell Scientific Publishers. Oxford, U.K. 1986, 4th Edition, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Fc region means a region of an Fc fragment of an antibody molecule, comprising a part of hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains and having a molecular weight of about 50,000. A human IgG heavy chain Fc region is from the 225th threonine to the C-terminal, in the case that the molecule is digested with papain (Burton, D. R. 1985. Immunoglobulin G: functional sites. Mol. Immunol. 22:161-206, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The numbering of the amino acid position as used herein refers to the method of “EU index” by Kabat et al (Kabat EA et al., 1991, Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest. 5th Ed. NIH, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The Fc region binds to an Fc receptor (FcR) present on the cell surface of effector cells, such as macrophages and NK cells. The Fc receptor participates in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), anaphylaxis reaction, id reaction, etc. The type of Fc receptor varies, depending on the subtype of immunoglobulin. For example, Fc receptor of IgG is Fcγ receptor; Fc receptor of IgE is Fcε receptor; and Fc receptor of IgA is Fcα receptor.

The CH2-CH3 domain consists of the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain. The CH2-CH3 domain of a human IgG heavy chain is from the 233th alanine to the C-terminal.

Fc-Modified Antibody

The antibody of the invention is an Fc-modified antibody in which the amino acid sequence in the Fc region is modified. “Modification” or “site-specific mutagenesis (mutagenesis)” used in the invention includes substituting an original (unmodified) amino acid residue with any other amino acid residue, deletion of an original amino acid residue, and addition of an additional amino acid residue, but preferably indicates substitution of an original amino acid residue with any other amino acid residue. The original (unmodified) amino acid sequence as referred to herein is usually a natural Fc region sequence. In this context, “modification” and “mutagenesis” of amino acid residue are used in the same meaning.

In the invention, modification of amino acid residues may be effected by mutating the DNA that codes for the antibody.

In the invention, “mutation of DNA” means that DNA is mutated in such a manner that it may correspond to the amino acid residue to be modified. More specifically, it means that the DNA coding for the original amino acid residue is mutated to DNA coding for the amino acid residue to be modified. In general, it means genetic engineering or mutagenesis treatment for insertion, deletion or substitution of at least one nucleotide of the original DNA so as to give a codon that codes for the intended amino acid residue. Specifically, the codon that codes for the original amino acid residue is substituted with the codon that codes for the amino acid residue to be modified. Those skilled in the art may easily carry out such a DNA mutation according to a known technique, for example, according to a site-specific mutagenesis method such as PCR mutagenesis method (Hashimoto-Gogoh, T. et al., (1995) Gene 152, 271-275; Zoller, M J, and Smith, M., (1983) Methods Enzymol., 100, 468-500; Kramer, W. et al., (1984) Nucleic Acids, Res., 12, 9441-9456; Kramer W. and Fritz H J, (1987) Methods Enzymol., 154, 350-367; Kunkel, T A, (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 488-492; Kunkel, (1988) Methods Enzymol., 85, 2763-2766, all hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The number of the amino acid residues in the Fc region to be modified in the invention is not specifically limited, but one or more (for example, from 1 to 30, or 2, 3, 4 or 5) amino acid residues may be modified.

Preferably, one or more of the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326, 330 and 332 in the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues. In addition, any amino acid residues of the Fc region may be substituted with those of any allotypes of IgG1, for example, with the amino acid residues of Glm(1) and nGlm(1).

The anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention is not specifically limited so far as it binds to glypican-3, but preferably, the antibody specifically binds to glypican-3. The gene sequence and the amino acid sequence of glypican-3 are known (Lage, H. et al., Gene 188 (1997), 151-156, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention is preferably IgG, more preferably IgG1.

Cytotoxicity

The anti-glypican-3 antibody of the invention containing modified Fc region exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity activity as compared with the anti-glypican-3 antibody having a natural or wild type Fc region.

Cytotoxicity activity includes, for example, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity. In the invention, the CDC activity means a cytotoxicity activity caused by a complement system; and the ADCC activity means that, when a specific antibody adheres to the cell surface antigen of a target cell, then an Fcγ receptor-having cell (e.g., immunocyte) binds to the Fc region via an Fcγ receptor to thereby impair the target cell.

Determination of whether an antibody has ADCC activity or CDC activity may be carried out according to a known method (for example, see Current Protocols in Immunology, Chapter 7, Immunologic Studies in Humans, Editor, John E. Coligan et al., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1993), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

For example, the ADCC activity may be determined by mixing an effector cell, a target cell and an anti-glypican-3 antibody, then analyzing it for the degree of ADCC activity. The effector cell may include, for example, a mouse spleen cell, or a monocyte isolated from marrow or human peripheral blood. The target cell may include an established human cell line such as human hepatocyte cell line HuH-7. An anti-glypican-3 antibody is added to the target cell previously labeled with 51Cr and incubated, then an effector cell is added in a suitable ratio to the target cell. After incubation, the supernatant is collected and analyzed for radioactivity to determine the ADCC activity of the antibody.

The CDC activity may be determined by mixing the above-mentioned labeled target cell and an anti-glypican-3 antibody, adding a complement to the mixture and incubating, and then analyzing the supernatant for radioactivity.

Antibody

The term “antibody” as referred to herein is used in the broadest sense of the word, indicating any and every antibody that includes monoclonal antibody (including full-length monoclonal antibody), polyclonal antibody, antibody mutant, antibody fragment, poly-specific antibody (e.g., bispecific antibody), chimera antibody, humanized antibody and others, so far as it shows the desired biological activity.

Antibody and immunoglobulin are proteins having the same structure characteristics, and the antibody in the invention includes immunoglobulin.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as referred to herein indicates an antibody obtained from a group of substantially homogeneous antibodies, or that is, an antibody group in which all individual antibodies are uniform except minor mutants that may occur in nature. A monoclonal antibody is highly specific and generally acts on a single antigen site. Further, as compared with conventional polyclonal antibody preparations that typically include different antibodies to different epitopes, each monoclonal antibody is directed to a single epitope on an antigen. In addition to the specificity thereof, a monoclonal antibody has another advantage in that it is synthesized through culture of a hybridoma which is not contaminated with any other antibodies. The modifier “monoclonal” suggests the nature of the antibody obtained from a group of substantially uniform antibodies, and it does not require that the antibody be produced by a specific method. For example, the monoclonal antibody for use in the invention may be produced, for example, according to a hybridoma method (Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256:495 (1975), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), or a recombination method (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The monoclonal antibody for use in the invention may also be isolated from a phage antibody library (Clackson et al., Nature 352:624-628 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991), all hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The term “antibody fragment” indicates a portion of a full-length antibody. The antibody fragment for use in the invention is preferably an antibody fragment that maintains an antibody-binding activity and maintains a cytotoxicity activity of the full-length antibody.

A multi-specific antibody is an antibody having specificity to at least two different antigens. In general, this type of molecule may bind to two antigens (that is, bispecific antibody), but in this description, the “multi-specific antibody” includes antibodies having specificity to more than two (for example, three) antigens. The multi-specific antibody may be a full-length antibody or a fragment of such an antibody. For example, the bispecific antibody may recognize two different antigens or may recognize different epitopes of one antigen. In addition, one may recognize a cytotoxic substance.

The antibody of the present invention may also be a chimera antibody or a humanized antibody. In general, a chimera antibody comprises a variable region derived from an antibody of a non-human mammal, and a constant region derived from a human antibody. On the other hand, humanized antibody comprises a complementarity-determining region derived from a non-human mammal, and a framework region and a constant region derived from a human antibody.

The origin of the variable region in a chimera antibody, and the origin of a CDR in a humanized antibody are not specifically limited, but may be derived from any animals. For example, any sequences derived from mouse antibody, rat antibody, rabbit antibody, or camel antibody may be used (Cook W J et al., Protein Eng. 1996 July 9(7):623-8; Tsurushita N et al., J Immunol Methods. 2004 December 295(1-2):9-19; Sato K et al, Mol Immunol. 1994 Apr. 31(5):371-81; Preparation of genetically engineered monoclonal antibodies for human immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies Hybridomas. 1992 July 3(3):137-45; Genetically engineered antibodies: progress and prospects. Crit Rev Immunol. 1992; 12(3-4):125-68, all hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

For the constant region of a chimera antibody and a humanized antibody, those derived from a human antibody may be used. For example, Cγ1, Cγ2, Cγ3, Cγ4 may be used for the H-chain, and Cκ and Cλ may be used for the L-chain.

Chimera antibody is an antibody constructed by combining sequences derived from different animals, and for example, it is an antibody comprising the heavy chain and light chain variable regions of a mouse antibody and the heavy chain and light chain constant regions of a human antibody. Such a chimera antibody may be constructed in any known methods. For example, a DNA coding for a mouse antibody variable region and a DNA coding for a human antibody constant region are ligated, then inserted into an expression vector, and introduced into a host to produce the intended antibody. A humanized antibody, also referred to as a reshaped human antibody, is constructed by transplanting a complementarity-determining region (CDR) of an antibody of a mammal except human, for example, a mouse antibody into the complementarity-determining region of a human antibody. A general genetic recombination method for making a humanized antibody is known in the art (see EP 125023; WO96/02576, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Specifically, a DNA sequence designed so as to ligate CDR of a mouse antibody with the framework region (FR) of a human antibody may be synthesized through PCR using, as a primer, several oligonucleotides constructed so as to have portions overlapping with the terminal region of both CDR and FR (see the method described in WO98/13388, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The framework region of a human antibody to be ligated with CDR is so selected that the complementarity-determining region may form a good antigen-binding site. If desired, the amino acids in the framework region of the variable region of the antibody may be substituted in order that the complementarity-determining region of the reshaped human antibody may form a suitable antigen-binding site (Sato, K. et al., Cancer Res. (1993) 53, 851-856, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In addition, those antibodies are also included in the antibody of the invention which have mutation in one or more amino acids in regions other than the specified sites in the Fc region mentioned above or CDR region, and which is functionally equivalent to the antibody of the invention.

For preparing a polypeptide that comprises a different amino acid sequence but is functionally equivalent to a certain polypeptide, a method of introducing a mutation into the polypeptide is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, those skilled in the art may introduce a mutation to the antibody of the invention according to a site-specific mutagenesis or the like to thereby prepare an antibody functionally equivalent to that antibody. Amino acid mutation may also occur spontaneously.

Preferably, an amino acid residue is mutated to another amino acid residue which has side chain properties close to that of the original one. For example, regarding the properties thereof, amino acid side chains include hydrophobic amino acids (A, I, L, M, F, P, W, Y, V), hydrophilic amino acids (R, D, N, C, E, Q, G, H, K, S, T), aliphatic side chain-having amino acids (G, A, V, L, I, P), hydroxyl group-containing side chain-having amino acids (S, T, Y), sulfur atom-containing side chain-having amino acids (C, M), carboxylic acid and amido-containing side chain-having amino acids (D, N, E, Q), base-containing side chain-having amino acids (R, K, H), aromatic side chain-having amino acids (H, F, Y, W) (the parenthesized alphabets are the one-letter code for amino acids). It is known that a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence modified from the original amino acid sequence through deletion, addition and/or substitution with any other amino acid of one or more amino acid residues therein still substantially maintain the biological activity of the original polypeptide (Mark, D. F. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1984) 81, 5662-5666; Zoller, M. J. & Smith, M., Nucleic Acids Research (1982) 10, 6487-6500; Wang, A. et al., Science 224, 1431-1433; Dalbadie-McFarland, G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1982) 79, 6409-6413, all hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The antibody for use in the invention may be a conjugated antibody bound with a various types of molecules, such as non-peptidic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), radioactive substances and toxins. Such a conjugated antibody may be obtained through chemical modification of the antibody. The method of chemical modification has been established in the art. The antibody of the invention may include these conjugated antibodies (D. J. King., Applications and Engineering of Monoclonal antibodies., 1998 T. J. International Ltd, Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapy of Cancer., 1998 Marcel Dekker Inc; Chari et al., Cancer Res., 1992 Vol 152:127; Liu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA., 1996 Vol 93:8681, all hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Antibody Preparation

The antibody of the invention may be produced according to a method known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, DNA coding for the intended antibody is inserted into an expression vector. In this step, DNA is inserted into an expression vector in such a manner that it could be expressed under control of an expression control region, for example, an enhancer and a promoter. Next, a host cell is transformed with the expression vector and the antibody is expressed in the host cell. In this process, a combination of a suitable host and a suitable expression vector may be used.

Examples of the vector include M13 vector, pUC vector, pBR322, pBluescript, pCR-Script. For subcloning and separation of cDNA, for example, pGEM-T, pDIRECT and pT7 may also be used.

Expression vectors are especially useful for the purpose of antibody production. When E. coli such as JM109, DH5α, HB101 or XL1-Blue is used as a host, the expression vector must indispensably have a promoter that drives efficient expression of the vector in E. coli, for example, lacZ promoter (Ward et al., Nature (1989) 341, 544-546; FASEB J. (1992) 6, 2422-2427, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), araB promoter (Better et al., Science (1988) 240, 1041-1043, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) or T7 promoter. The vector of this type also includes pGEX-5X-1 (Pharmacia), QIA express system (QIAGEN), pEGFP, and pET (in this case, the host is preferably a T7 RNA polymerase-expressing BL21).

The vector may include a signal sequence for polypeptide secretion. For the signal sequence for polypeptide secretion, for example, pelB signal sequence (Lei, S. P. et al., Bacteriol. (1987) 169, 4397, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) may be used for production in periplasm of E. coli. The introduction of the vector into a host cell may be effected, for example, according to a calcium chloride method or an electroporation method.

In addition to the E. coli expression vectors, the vector used for polypeptide production in the invention includes, for example, mammal-derived expression vectors (e.g., pcDNA3 (Invitrogen), pEGF-BOS (Nucleic acids, Res., 1990, 18(17), p. 5322, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), pEF, pCDM8); insect cell-derived expression vectors (e.g., Bac-toBAC baculovairus expression system (GIBCO BRL), pBacPAK8); vegetable-derived expression vectors (e.g., pMH1, pMH2); animal virus-derived expression vectors (e.g., pHSV, pMV, pAdexLcw), retrovirus-derived expression vectors (e.g., pZIPneo), yeast-derived expression vectors (e.g., Pichia Expression Kit (Invitrogen), pNV11, SP-Q01), Bacillus subtilis-derived expression vectors (e.g., pPL608, pKTH50).

For expression in animal cells such as CHO cells, COS cells or NIH3T3 cells, the vector must indispensably have a promoter necessary for intracellular expression, for example, SV40 promoter (Mulligan et al., Nature (1979) 277, 108, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), MMTV-LTR promoter, EF1α promoter (Mizushima et al., Nucleic Acids Res. (1990) 18, 5322, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), CAG promoter (Gene (1991) 108, 193, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), CMV promoter. Preferably, the vector has a gene for screening of the transformed cells (e.g., drug-resistant gene capable of being differentiated by drug (e.g., neomycin, G418)). The vector having such characteristics includes, for example, pMAM, pDR2, pBK-RSV, pBK-CMV, pOPRSV, pOP13.

Further, for the purpose of stable gene expression and an increase in the number of gene copies in cells, a vector having a complementary DHFR gene (e.g., PCHOI) is introduced into CHO cells deficient in the nucleic acid synthetic pathway to complement the deficiency and is amplifyed with methotrexate (MTX). For the purpose of transient expression of the gene, COS cells having an SV40T antigen-expressing gene on the chromosome is transformed with a vector having SV40 replication origin (e.g., pcD). The replication origin may also be derived from polyoma virus, adeno virus, bovine polyoma virus (BPV), etc. Further, for increasing the number of gene copies in a host cell system, the expression vector may contain a selected marker, such as aminoglycoside transferase (APH) gene, thymidine kinase (TK) gene, E. coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Ecogpt) gene, dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene.

Pharmaceutical Composition

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing the antibody of the invention. Since the antibody of the invention exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity activity, it is suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions, and in particular, it is useful as an anticancer agent. Since it has been shown that an anti-glypican-3 antibody has a cytotoxicity against a hepatoma-derived cell line (e.g. WO03/00883, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the antibody of the invention is particularly useful as a drug for treating hepatic cancer. When the antibody of the invention is used in pharmaceutical compositions, it is preferably a humanized antibody in view of the antigenicity to humans.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may contain a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier includes, for example, sterile water, physiological saline, stabilizer, excipient, antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid), buffer (e.g., phosphoric acid, citric acid, other organic acids), preservative, surfactant (e.g., PEG, Tween), chelating agent (e.g., EDTA), or binder. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may further contain any other low-molecular polypeptides; proteins such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulin; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, lysine; saccharides such as polysaccharides, monosaccharides; carbohydrates; sugar alcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol. When the composition is prepared as an aqueous solution for injection, it may be combined with an isotonic solution containing, for example, physiological saline, glucose or any other auxiliary agent, such as D-sorbitol, D-mannose, D-mannitol, sodium chloride, and with a suitable dissolution aid such as alcohol (e.g., ethanol), polyalcohol (e.g., propylene glycol, PEG), nonionic surfactant (e.g., Polysorbate 80, HCO-50).

If desired, the composition may be encapsulated into microcapsules (microcapsules of hydroxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, poly(methyl methacrylate), etc.), or may be formed into colloid drug delivery systems (e.g., liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, nanocapsules) (see Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 16th edition, Oslo Ed., 1980, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Further, a method of formulating slow-release drugs is known and may be applicable to the invention (Langer et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1981, 15:167-277; Langer, Chem. Tech., 1982, 12:98-105; U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919; EP 58,481; Sidman et al., Biopolymers 1983, 22:547-556; EP 133,988).

The composition may be administered to patients either orally or parenterally, but preferably parenterally. The shape (preparation form) of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is not specifically limited but includes, for example, injections, transnasal preparations, transpulmonary preparations, percutaneous preparations, freeze-dried preparations, solutions. Preferred are freeze-dried preparations.

Freeze-drying may be effected in any method well known to those skilled in the art (Pharm. Biotechnol., 2002, 13, 109-133; Int. J. Pharm., 2000, 203(1-2), 1-60; Pharm. Res., 1997, 14(8), 969-975, all hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). For example, a solution of the composition is suitably aliquoted into freeze-drying vials or the like vessels, and put in a freezer or a freeze-dryer, or dipped in a coolant such as acetone/dry ice and liquid nitrogen. When the antibody preparation is formed into a high-concentration solution preparation, it may be prepared according to a method well known to those skilled in the art. For example, a membrane concentration method using a TFF membrane may be employed as described in J. Pharm. Sci., 2004, 93(6), 1390-1402, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The formulation for injection may be systemically or topically administered in a mode of, for example, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection or subcutaneous injection. Depending on the age and the condition of the patient to which the composition is administered, the administration method for it may be suitably selected. The dose may be selected, for example, from a range of from 0.0001 mg/kg of body weight to 1000 mg/kg of body weight for a unit dose. Alternatively, the dose may be selected from a range of from 0.001 to 100000 mg/body. However, the invention should not be limited to the dose and the administration method as above.

The invention is described in more detail with reference to the following Examples, to which, however, the invention should not be limited.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Production of Fc-Modified Anti-GPC3 Antibody Example 1-1 Preparation of Fc Cassettes for Mutagenesis

Fc-modified humanized anti-GPC3 antibodies having amion acid substitutions shown in the table below in the amino acid sequence of the H-chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 19. FIG. 1 shows the structure and preparation strategy of the Fc-modified antibodies of the invention. V22 I332E V209 S239D/A330L/I332E V212 S239D/S298A/I332E V922 S239D/K326T/I332E V1608 S239D/S298A/K326T/I332E V209nG1m(1) S239D/A330L/I332E/D356E/L358M

Using primers shown by SEQ ID NO:1 to NO:9, Fc-mutation cassettes for constructing five types of Fc-modified antibodies named V22, V209, V212, V922 and V1608 were produced according to a PCR-Walking method. Specifically, primers commonF1 and commonR1 were used for V22, V209 and V922; and primers 212-F1 and 212-F1 were used for V212 and V1608. A first-stage PCR was carried out in a PCR reaction solution mentioned below:

×10 KOD buffer 5 μl, dNTPs and MgCl₂ 5 μl and 2 μl, respectively, (attached to KOD polymerase, Toyobo) were mixed. The primer combination as above (20 μmole/l, 1 μl each), dH₂O 35.5 μl, and 5 units/μl KOD polymerase 0.5 μl were added to make 50 μl in total. PCR was carried out under the condition mentioned below. 96° C. 1 min; (98° C. 15 sec; 65° C. 2 sec; 74° C. 15 sec)×2 cycles 74° C. 30 sec; 4° C.

One microliter of the first stage-amplified product was taken out and used in the next, second-stage PCR reaction. Specifically, primers CommonF2 and 212-R2 were used for V22 and V212; primers CommonF2 and 209-R2 were used for V209; primers CommonF2 and 922-R2 were used for V922; and primers CommonF2 and 1608-R2 were used for V1608. The second-stage PCR was carried out in a PCR reaction solution mentioned below:

×10 KOD buffer 5 μl, dNTPs and MgCl₂ 5 μl and 2 μl, respectively, (attached to KOD polymerase, Toyobo) were mixed. The primer combination as above (20 μmole/l, 1 μl each), 1 μl of the first stage-amplified product as a template, dH₂O 35.5 μl, and 5 units/μl KOD polymerase 0.5 μl were added to make 51 μl in total. PCR was carried out under the condition mentioned below. 96° C. 1 min; (98° C. 15 sec; 65° C. 2 sec; 74° C. 15 sec)×5 cycles; 74° C. 30 sec; 4° C.

One microliter of the second stage-amplified product was taken out and used in the next, third-stage PCR reaction. Specifically, primers CommonF3 and CommonR3 were used for V22, V209, V212, V922 and V1608, and the third-stage PCR was carried out in a PCR reaction solution mentioned below.

×10 KOD buffer 5 μl, dNTPs and MgCl₂ 5 μl and 2 μl, respectively, (attached to KOD polymerase, Toyobo) were mixed. The primer combination as above (20 μmole/l, 1 μl each), 1 μl of the second stage-amplified product as a template, dH₂O 35.5 μl, and 5 units/μl KOD polymerase 0.5 μl were added to it to make 51 μl in total. Using this, PCR was carried out under the condition mentioned below. 96° C. 1 min; (98° C. 15 sec; 65° C. 2 sec; 74° C. 20 sec)×35 cycles; 74° C. 1 min; 4° C.

Each fragment obtained was subcloned into pBluescriptSK⁺ and its sequence was confirmed. Forward primer: 212-F1 (SEQ ID NO:1) agttcaactggtacgtggacggcgtggaggtgcataatgccaagacaaag ccgcgggaggagcagtacaacgccacgtaccgtgtggtcagcgtcc Forward primer: commonF2 (SEQ ID NO:2) tctcccggacccctgaggtcacatgcgtggtggtggacgtgagccacgaa gaccctgaggtcaagttcaactggtacgtggacggcgtggagg Forward primer: commonF3 (SEQ ID NO:3) gcacctgagctcctggggggaccggacgtcttcctcttccccccaaaacc caaggacaccctcatgatctcccggacccetgaggtcacatgcgtgg Reverse primer: 212-R1 (SEQ ID NO:4) ggagaccttgcacttgtactccttgccattcagccagtcctggtgcagga cggtgaggacgctgaccacacggtacgtggcgttgtactgctcc Reverse primer: 209-R2 (SEQ ID NO:5) ggctgccctttggctttggagatggttttctcctcgggcagtgggagggc tttgttggagaccttgcacttgtactccttgccattcagcc Reverse primer: 212-R2 (SEQ ID NO:6) ggctgccctttggctttggagatggttttctcctcgggggctgggagggc tttgttggagaccttgcacttgtactccttgccattcagcc Reverse primer: 922-R2 (SEQ ID NO:7) ggctgccctttggctttggagatggttttctcctcgggggctgggagggc ggtgttggagaccttgcacttgtactccttgccattcagcc Reverse primer: 1608-R2 (SEQ ID NO:8) ggctgccctttggctttggagatggttttctcctcgggggctgggagggc ctcgttggagaccttgcacttgtactccttgccattcagcc Reverse primer: commonR3 (SEQ ID NO:9) gagctccccgggatgggggcagggtgtacacctgtggttctcggggctgc cctttggctttggagatggttttctcctcgg

Example 1-2 Preparation of Vector Expressing Fc-Modified Anti-GPC3 Antibody

A vector for expressing the Fc-modified anti-GPC3 antibody of the invention was constructed based on a gene coding for a humanized anti-glypican-3 antibody previously prepared by the inventors (H-chain, SEQ ID NO: 10; L-chain, SEQ ID NO: 11), which is referred to as “wild-type” in the following Examples.

The amino acid sequences of the H-chain variable region and L-chain variable region of the wild-type humanized anti-GPC3 antibody are shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 (ver.k) and SEQ ID NO: 22 (ver.a), respectively. The CDR sequences of the wild-type humanized anti-GPC3 antibody are shown below. H-chain CDR1 DYEMH (SEQ ID NO:23) CDR2 ALDPKTGDTAYSQKFKG (SEQ ID NO:24) CDR3 FYSYTY (SEQ ID NO:25) L-chain CDR1 RSSQSLVHSNGNTYLH (SEQ ID NO:26) CDR2 KVSNRFS (SEQ ID NO:27) CDR3 SQNTHVPPT (SEQ ID NO:28)

Using the anti-human GPC3 antibody H-chain gene shown by SEQ ID NO:10 as a template, and using a primer of SEQ ID NO:11 and a primer of SEQ ID NO:12 with a SacI site previously introduced as silent mutation, PCR was carried out under the condition mentioned below.

×10 KOD buffer 5 μl, dNTPs and MgCl₂ 5 μl and 2 μl, respectively, (attached to KOD polymerase, Toyobo) were mixed. The primer combination as above (20 μmole/l, 1 μl each), 1 μl of GPC3 antibody H-chain gene as a template, dH₂O 34.5 μl, and 5 units/μl KOD polymerase 0.5 μl were added to make 50 μl in total. PCR was carried out under the condition mentioned below. 96° C. 1 min; (98° C. 15 sec; 65° C. 2 sec; 74° C. 30 sec)×35 cycles; 74° C. 30 sec; 4° C.

The fragment obtained was introduced into the SmaI site of pBluescriptSK⁺ (pB-Sacless), in which the SacI site had been previously filled up with a DNA blunting kit (Takara Bio), and its sequence was confirmed (pB-GPCSacmt). Next, from a vector containing an anti-GPC3 antibody H-chain gene shown by SEQ ID NO:10, an SmaI-BamHI fragment of about 290 bp, corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of anti-human GPC3 antibody H-chain, was cut out, and introduced into the corresponding site of pB-GPCSacmt (pB-GPCSacmtC). Next, the Fc-mutation cassette of V22, V209, V212, V922 or V1608 produced in Example 1-1 was introduced into the SacI-SmaI site of pB-GPCSacmtC, and the sequence of pB-GPCSacmtC was confirmed. Further, for completing construction of the mutated H-chain, an EcoRI-NheI fragment of about 415 bp of the GPC3 antibody H-chain gene shown by SEQ ID NO:10 was ligated with it to obtain a gene coding for Fc-mutated H-chain.

The resultant gene coding for a mutated H-chain was cleaved with EcoRI-NotI, and introduced into the corresponding site of an animal cell expression vector pCXND3 (pC-aGPCh). Next, a fragment of about 3.1 kb, containing an anti-GPC3 antibody L-chain gene shown by SEQ ID NO:13 and a promoter region, was cleaved with HindIII, and ligated with the corresponding site of pC-aGPCh to obtain an anti-GPC3 antibody expression vector (pC-aGPCh1). The vector pC-aGPCh1 to V22, V209, V212, V922 and V1608 was designated as pC-aGPCh1(22), pC-aGPCh1(209), pC-aGPCh1(212), pC-aGPCh1(922) and pC-aGPCh1(1608), respectively.

The amino acid sequence of the H chain of V22, V209, V212, V922 and V1608 are shown in V22 (SEQ ID NO: 29), V209 (SEQ ID NO: 30), V212 (SEQ ID NO: 31), V922 (SEQ ID NO: 32) and V1608 (SEQ ID NO: 33), respectively. The amino acid sequence of the CH2-CH3 domain of V22, V209, V212, V922 and V1608 are shown in V22 CH2-CH3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 34), V209 CH2-CH3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 35), V212 CH2-CH3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 36), V922 CH2-CH3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 37) and V1608 CH2-CH3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 38), respectively. anti-human GPC3 antibody H-chain (SEQ ID NO:10) GAATTCCACCATGGACTGGACCTGGAGGTTCCTCTTTGTGGTGGCAGCAG CTACAGGTGTCCAGTCCCAGGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGTCTGGAGCTGAGGTG AAGAAGCCTGGGGCCTCAGTGAAGGTCTCCTGCAAGGCTTCTGGATACAC CTTCACCGACTATGAAATGCACTGGGTGCGACAGGCCCCTGGACAAGGGC TTGAGTGGATGGGAGCTCTTGATCCTAAAACTGGTGATACTGCCTACAGT CAGAAGTTCAAGGGCAGAGTCACGCTGACCGCGGACAAATCCACGAGCAC AGCCTACATGGAGCTGAGCAGCCTGACATCTGAGGACACGGCCGTGTATT ACTGTACAAGATTCTACTCCTATACTTACTGGGGCCAGGGAACCCTGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAGCTAGCACCAAGGGCCCATCGGTCTTCCCCCTGGCACC CTCCTCCAAGAGCACCTCTGGGGGCACAGCGGCCCTGGGCTGCCTGGTCA AGGACTACTTCCCCGAACCGGTGACGGTGTCGTGGAACTCAGGCGCCCTG ACCAGCGGCGTGCACACCTTCCCGGCTGTCCTACAGTCCTCAGGACTCTA CTCCCTCAGCAGCGTGGTGACCGTGCCCTCCAGCAGCTTGGGCACCCAGA CCTACATCTGCAACGTGAATCACAAGCCCAGCAACACCAAGGTGGACAAG AAAGTTGAGCCCAAATCTTGTGACAAAACTCACACATGCCCACCGTGCCC AGCACCTGAACTCCTGGGGGGACCGTCAGTCTTCCTCTTCCCCCCAAAAC CCAAGGACACCCTCATGATCTCCCGGACCCCTGAGGTCACATGCGTGGTG GTGGACGTGAGCCACGAAGACCCTGAGGTCAAGTTCAACTGGTACGTGGA CGGCGTGGAGGTGCATAATGCCAAGACAAAGCCGCGGGAGGAGCAGTACA ACAGCACGTACCGTGTGGTCAGCGTCCTCACCGTCCTGCACCAGGACTGG CTGAATGGCAAGGAGTACAAGTGCAAGGTCTCCAACAAAGCCCTCCCAGC CCCCATCGAGAAAACCATCTCCAAAGCCAAAGGGCAGCCCCGAGAACCAC AGGTGTACACCCTGCCCCCATCCCGGGATGAGCTGACCAAGAACCAGGTC AGCCTGACCTGCCTGGTCAAAGGCTTCTATCCCAGCGACATCGCCGTGGA GTGGGAGAGCAATGGGCAGCCGGAGAACAACTACAAGACCACGCCTCCCG TGCTGGACTCCGACGGCTCCTTCTTCCTCTACAGCAAGCTCACCGTGGAC AAGAGCAGGTGGCAGCAGGGGAACGTCTTCTCATGCTCCGTGATGCATGA GGCTCTGCACAACCACTACACGCAGAAGAGCCTCTCCCTGTCTCCGGGTA AATGATAAGCGGCCGCGGATCC Forward primer: NS-F (SEQ ID NO:11) gctagcaccaagggcccatcggtcttccccctggcaccctcctcc Reverse primer: NS-R (SEQ ID NO:12) gagctcaggtgctgggcacggtgggcatgtgtgagttttgtcac anti-human GPC3 antibody L-chain (SEQ ID NO:13) AAGCTTGCATGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCGTCGACATTGATTA TTGACTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTCATTAGTTCATAGCCC ATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCT GACCGCCCAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAATGACGTATGTTCCC ATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATGGGTGGAGTATTT ACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCATATGCCAAGTA CGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTGGCATTATGCC CAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACATCTACGTATT AGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTCGAGGTGAGCCCCACGTTCTGCTTCACTC TCCCCATCTCCCCCCCCTCCCCACCCCCAATTTTGTATTTATTTATTTTT TAATTATTTTGTGCAGCGATGGGGGCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGCGCGCGCC AGGCGGGGCGGGGCGGGGCGAGGGGCGGGGCGGGGCGAGGCGGAGAGGTG CGGCGGCAGCCAATCAGAGCGGCGCGCTCCGAAAGTTTCCTTTTATGGCG AGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCCCTATAAAAAGCGAAGCGCGCGGCGGGCGGG AGTCGCTGCGCGCTGCCTTCGCCCCGTGCCCCGCTCCGCCGCCGCCTCGC GCCGCCCGCCCCGGCTCTGACTGACCGCGTTACTCCCACAGGTGAGCGGG CGGGACGGCCCTTCTCCTCCGGGCTGTAATTAGCGCTTGGTTTAATGACG GCTTGTTTCTTTTCTGTGGCTGCGTGAAAGCCTTGAGGGGCTCCGGGAGG GCCCTTTGTGCGGGGGGAGCGGCTCGGGGGGTGCGTGCGTGTGTGTGTGC GTGGGGAGCGCCGCGTGCGGCTCCGCGCTGCCCGGCGGCTGTGAGCGCTG CGGGCGCGGCGCGGGGCTTTGTGCGCTCCGCAGTGTGCGCGAGGGGAGCG CGGCCGGGGGCGGTGCCCCGCGGTGCGGGGGGGGCTGCGAGGGGAACAAA GGCTGCGTGCGGGGTGTGTGCGTGGGGGGGTGAGCAGGGGGTGTGGGCGC GTCGGTCGGGCTGCAACCCCCCCTGCACCCCCCTCCCCGAGTTGCTGAGC ACGGCCCGGCTTCGGGTGCGGGGCTCCGTACGGGGCGTGGCGCGGGGCTC GCCGTGCCGGGCGGGGGGTGGCGGCAGGTGGGGGTGCCGGGCGGGGCGGG GCCGCCTCGGGCCGGGGAGGGCTCGGGGGAGGGGCGCGGCGGCCCCCGGA GCGCCGGCGGCTGTCGAGGCGCGGCGAGCCGCAGCCATTGCCTTTTATGG TAATCGTGCGAGAGGGCGCAGGGACTTCCTTTGTCCCAAATCTGTGCGGA GCCGAAATCTGGGAGGCGCCGCCGCACCCCCTCTAGCGGGCGCGGGGCGA AGCGGTGCGGCGCCGGCAGGAAGGAAATGGGCGGGGAGGGCCTTCGTGCG TCGCCGCGCCGCCGTCCCCTTCTCCCTCTCCAGCCTCGGGGCTGTCCGCG GGGGGACGGCTGCCTTCGGGGGGGACGGGGCAGGGCGGGGTTCGGCTTCT GGCGTGTGACCGGCGGCTCTAGAGCCTCTGCTAACCATGTTCATGCCTTC TTCTTTTTCCTACAGCTCCTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTTATTGTGCTGTCTCA TCATTTTGGCAAAGAATTCCTCGAGCCACCATGAGGCTCCCTGCTCAGCT CCTGGGGCTGCTAATGCTCTGGGTCTCTGGATCCAGTGGGGATGTTGTGA TGACTCAGTCTCCACTCTCCCTGCCCGTCACCCCTGGAGAGCCGGCCTCC ATCTCCTGCAGATCTAGTCAGAGCCTTGTACACAGTAATAGGAACACCTA TTTACATTGGTACCTGCAGAAGCCAGGGCAGTCTCCACAGCTCCTGATCT ATAAAGTTTCCAACCGATTTTCTGGGGTCCCTGACAGGTTCAGTGGCAGT GGATCAGGCACAGATTTTACACTGAAAATCAGCAGAGTGGAGGCTGAGGA TGTTGGGGTTTATTACTGCTCTCAAAATACACATGTTCCTCCTACGTTTG GCCAGGGGACCAAGCTGGAGATCAAACGTACGGTGGCTGCACCATCTGTC TTCATCTTCCCGCCATCTGATGAGCAGTTGAAATCTGGAACTGCCTCTGT TGTGTGCCTGCTGAATAACTTCTATCCCAGAGAGGCCAAAGTACAGTGGA AGGTGGATAACGCCCTCCAATCGGGTAACTCCCAGGAGAGTGTCACAGAG CAGGACAGCAAGGACAGCACCTACAGCCTCAGCAGCACCCTGACGCTGAG CAAAGCAGACTACGAGAAACACAAAGTCTACGCCTGCGAAGTCACCCATC AGGGCCTGAGCTCGCCCGTCACAAAGAGCTTCAACAGGGGAGAGTGTTGA TAAGTCGAGGTCGAGGAATTCACTCCTCAGGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAGAA GGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCCAATGCCCTGGCTCACAAATACCACTGAGATC TTTTTCCCTCTGCCAAAAATTATGGGGACATCATGAAGCCCCTTGAGCAT CTGACTTCTGGCTAATAAAGGAAATTTATTTTCATTGCAATAGTGTGTTG GAATTTTTTGTGTCTCTCACTCGGAAGGACATATGGGAGGGCAAATCATT TAAAACATCAGAATGAGTATTTGGTTTAGAGTTTGGCAACATATGCCCAT ATGCTGGCTGCCATGAACAAAGGTTGGCTATAAAGAGGTCATCAGTATAT GAAACAGCCCCCTGCTGTCCATTCCTTATTCCATAGAAAAGCCTTGACTT GAGGTTAGATTTTTTTTATATTTTGTTTTGTGTTATTTTTTTCTTTAACA TCCCTAAAATTTTCCTTACATGTTTTACTAGCCAGATTTTTCCTCCTCTC CTGACTACTCCCAGTCATAGCTGTCCCTCTTCTCTTATGGAGATCCCTCG ACCTGCAGCCCAAGCTT

Example 1-3 Production of V209 nGlm(1) allotype

For obtaining an nGlm(1) allotype of V209, a Glm(1) allotype thereof, a cassette for nGlm(1) allotype was formed. Specifically, using forward primer HerSmaF and reverse primer HerNotR shown by SEQ ID NO: 14 and NO:15, and using, as a template, the anti-GPC3 antibody H-chain gene shown by SEQ ID NO:10 and produced in Example 1-2, PCR was carried out under the condition mentioned below.

×10 KOD buffer 5 μl, dNTPs and MgCl₂ 5 μl and 2 μl, respectively, (attached to KOD polymerase, Toyobo) were mixed. The primer combination as above (20 μmole/l, 1 μl each), GPC3 antibody H-chain gene 1 μl, dH₂O34.5 μl, and 5 units/μl KOD polymerase 0.5 μl were added to make 50 μl in total. PCR was carried out under the condition mentioned below. 96° C. 1 min; (98° C. 15 sec; 65° C. 2 sec; 74° C. 30 sec)×35 cycles; 74° C. 30 sec; 4° C.

The fragment obtained was subcloned into pBluescriptSK⁺ (pBher), and its sequence was confirmed. Next, an SmaI-NotI fragment of about 290 bp was cut out from pC-aGPCh1(209) described in Example 1-2. On the other hand, Smal-NotI fragment was cut out from pBher in the same manner, and the fragment of about 290 bp was introduced into the corresponding site of pC-aGPCh1(209) for substitution to obtain a nGlm(1) allotype expression vector (pC-aGPCh1(209Her)). Forward primer: HerSmaF (SEQ ID NO:14) gggaggagatgaccaagaaccaggtcaccctgacctgcc Reverse primer: HerNotR (SEQ ID NO:15) tttgcggccgcttatcatttacccggagacagggagaggctc

Example 2 Preparation of Fc-Modified Anti-GPC3 Antibody Example 2-1 Expression of Fc-Modified Anti-GPC3 Antibody in CHO Cells

Ten microliters of Fc-modified anti-GPC3 antibody expression vector pC-aGPChl(22), pC-aGPChl(209), pC-aGPChl(212), pC-aGPChl(922), pC-aGPChl(1608) or pC-aGPChl(209Her) was cleaved with PvuI to give a linear DNA. This was introduced into 2×10⁶/0.6 ml PBS(−) of CHO cells (strain DXB11S) according to an electroporation method under a condition of 1.5 kV and 25 uF. The cells were incubated in a 8% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. The cells were screened in CHO-S-SFMII medium (Invitrogen) containing 400 μg/ml of geneticin. Selected cells were inoculated into a CHO-S-SFMII medium containing 400 μg/ml geneticin in a 96-well plate at 0.4 cells/100 μl/well, and the cells were cloned according to a limiting dilution method. The culture supernatant was analyzed with BIACORE 3000. The antigen was quantified using a chip with fused protein GST-GPC3 (antigen GST and human glypican-3 shown by SEQ ID NO:16) immobilized thereon, and high-expression cells were selected. Amino acid sequence of GPC3 peptide (SEQ ID NO:16) AELAYDLDVDDAPGNSQQATPKDNEISTFHNLGNVHSPLK

Example 2-2 Purification of Fc-Modified Anti-GPC3 Antibody

The culture supernatant of CHO cells expressing Fc-modified humanized glypican antibody was applied to an rProtein A Sepharose Fast Flow column equilibrated with 150 mM NaCl-containing 10 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The column was washed with the same buffer, 1 M NaCl-containing 10 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), then 10 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), and the protein adsorbed to the column was eluted out with 20 mM acetic acid. To the 20 mM acetic acid fraction containing Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican antibody, 1 M tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5) was added to adjust pH of from 5 to 6, and was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter. An equivalent amount of MilliQ water was added to the thus-filtered fraction, and applied to SP Sepharose Fast Flow column equilibrated with 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 6.0). The column was washed with the same buffer, and then the protein adsorbed to the column was eluted out with 20 mM NaCl-containing 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 6.0) to obtain a purified fraction of Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican antibody.

FIG. 2 shows the result of SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of a purified Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican antibody of the invention in a known method (Nature, 227, 680, 1970, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) to analyze the molecular weight and the degree of purification of the antibody. Each purified Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican antibody provided a single band at a molecular weight of about 150 kDa under a non-reducing condition and provided two bands at about 50 kDa and about 25 kDa under a reducing condition. These molecular weights substantially agree with those presumed from the nucleotide sequence of the H-chain and L-chain cDNAs of the antibody, and further agree with the report that an IgG-type antibody has a molecular weight of about 150 kDa under a non-reducing condition, and an H-chain having a molecular weight of about 50 kDa and an L-chain having a molecular weight of about 25 kDa under a reducing condition, where its intramolecular disulfide bond is cleaved (Antibodies, Chapter 14, Monoclonal Antibodies, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). It has been confirmed that each Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican antibody was expressed as an antibody molecule having a correct structure and was purified as such.

FIG. 3 shows a chromatogram of a purified Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican-3 antibody analyzed through a gel permeation column (Superdex 200 PC3.2/30, by GE Amersham Biosciences).

Example 3 Measurement of ADCC Activity of Fc-Modified Anti-GPC3 Antibody Example 3-1 cDNA Cloning of Human Glypican-3 (GPC3)

A full-length cDNA coding for human GPC3 was amplified through PCR using Advantage2 kit (CLONETECH) and, as a template, 1st strand cDNA having been prepared from colon cancer cell line Caco2 in an ordinary manner. Specifically, 50 μl of a reaction solution containing 2 μl of Caco2-derived cDNA, 1 μl of sense primer (GATATC-ATGGCCGGGACCGTGCGCACCGCGT, SEQ ID NO: 17), 1 μl of antisense primer (GCTAGC-TCAGTGCACCAGGAAGAAGAAGCAC, SEQ ID NO: 18), 5 μl of Advantage2 10×PCR buffer, 8 μl of dNTX mix (1.25 mM) and 1.0 μl of Advantage polymerase Mix, was subjected to 35 cycles of 94° C. 1 min; 63° C. 30 sec; 68° C. 3 min. The PCR amplified product was inserted into a TA vector pGEM-Teasy by the use of pGEM-T Easy Vector System I (Promega). The sequence of the product was confirmed using ABI3100 DNA sequencer. In this way, cDNA coding for the full length of human GPC3 was isolated. The nucleotide sequence of human GPC3 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO:19, and the amino acid sequence of human GPC3 protein is shown in SEQ ID NO:20.

Example 3-2 Preparation of Human Hepatic Cancer Cell Line (SK-03)Expressing Full-Length GPC3

To obtain a cell line for evaluating the biological activity of anti-GPC3 antibody, a human hepatic cell line capable of expressing a full-length GPC3 was established.

One μg of full-length human GPC3 gene expression vector treated with PvuI was mixed with 2 μl of FuGENE (Roche) to form a complex, and then this was added to SK-HEP-1 cells (purchased from ATCC) for gene introduction. The cells were incubated in a CO₂ incubator for 24 hours, and then, GPC3-expressing cells were selected using Dulbecco MEM (D-MEM, by SIGMA) containing geneticin (Invitrogen) at a final concentration of 1 mg/ml and 10% FBS. The thus-obtained geneticin-resistant colonies were collected, and the cells were cloned according to a limiting dilution method. The expression of human GPC3 in each cell clone was determined by flow cytometry using chimera GC33 antibody and FITC-labeled goat anti-human IgG antibody (ICN) to obtain a stable expression cell line SK-03 was obtained.

Example 3-3 Measurement of ADCC Activity with Human Peripheral Blood-Derived PBMC Example 3-3-1 Preparation of Human PBMC Solution

Heparin-added peripheral blood was collected from a healthy person, diluted 2-fold with PBS(−) and overlaid on Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (Amersham). After centrifugation (500×g, 30 minutes, 20° C.), the interlayer of a monocyte fraction was collected. The monocytes were washed three times and suspended in 10% FBS/RPMI to prepare a human PBMC solution.

Example 3-3-2 Preparation of Target Cells

SK-03 cells were maintained in D-MEM medium (SIGMA) containing 1 mg/ml of geneticin and 10% FBS (ThermoTrace). The cells were peeled from the dish using Cell Dissociation Buffer (Invitrogen), and transferred to each well of a 96-well U-bottomed plate (Falcon) at 1×10⁴ cells/well, and incubated for 1 day. After the incubation, 5.55 MBq of Chromium-51 was added and the cells were further incubated in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 4 hours. The cells were washed once with the medium, and suspended in 50 μl of 10% FBS/RPMI1640 medium to prepare target cells.

Example 3-3-3 Chromium Release Test (ADCC Activity)

Fifty μl of an antibody solution prepared to have a predetermined concentration was added to the target cells, and reacted at room temperature for 15 minutes. Next, 100 μl of the human PBMC solution was added (5×10⁵ cells/well), and centrifuged, and then incubated in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 4 hours. After the incubation, the plate was centrifuged, and the radioactivity of 100 μl of the culture supernatant was counted with a gamma counter. The specific chromium release ratio of the sample was obtained according to the following formula: Specific Chromium Release Ratio (%)=(A−C)×100/(B−C) wherein A indicates a mean value of the radioactivity (cpm) in each well; B indicates a mean value of the radioactivity (cpm) of each well, in which 100 μl of aqueous 2% NP-40 solution (Nonidet P-40, Code No. 252-23, by Nacalai Tesque) and 50 μl of 10% FBS/RPMI medium were added to the target cells; C indicates a mean value of the radioactivity (cpm) of each well, in which 150 μl of 10% FBS/RPMI medium was added to the target cells.

The experiment was carried out in triplicate, and the mean value of the ADCC activity (%) of the sample was calculated.

The results are shown in FIG. 4. The Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican antibodies V22, V209, V922, V1608 and V209(nGlm(1)) all had enhanced ADCC activity compared to the wild-type antibody (WT). Of those, the activity of V22 was lower than that of the others, but there was found little difference in the activity between V209, V922, V1608 and V209(nGlm(1)).

Example 3-4 Measurement of ADCC Activity Using Mouse Marrow-Derived Effector Cells Example 3-4-1 Preparation of Mouse Marrow-Derived Effector Cell Suspension

Marrow cells were collected from the thigh bone of an SCID mouse (from Nippon Clea, male, 10 weeks old), and suspended in 10% FBS/RPMI1640 medium at a density of 5×10⁵ cells/ml. Mouse GM-CSF (Pepro Tech) and human IL-2 (Pepro Tech) were added at a final concentration of 10 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml, respectively. The cells were incubated in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 5 days. After the incubation, the cells were peeled with a scraper, washed once with the medium, and suspended in 10% FBS/RPMI1640 medium at a density of 5×10⁶ cells/ml to prepare a mouse marrow-derived effector cell suspension.

Example 3-4-2 Preparation of Target Cells

Human hepatic cancer cells HepG2 (purchased from ATCC) were maintained in RPMI1640 medium (SIGMA) containing 10% FBS (Thermo Trace). The cells were peeled from the dish using Cell Dissociation Buffer (Invitrogen), and transferred to each well of a 96-well U-bottomed plate (Falcon) at a density of 1×10⁴ cells/well, and incubated for 1 day. After the incubation, 5.55 MBq of Chromium-51 was added and the cells were further incubated in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 4 hours. The cells were washed once with the medium, and suspended in 50 μl of 10% FBS/RPMI1640 medium to prepare target cells.

Example 3-4-3 Chromium Release Test (ADCC Activity)

Fifty μl of an antibody solution prepared to have a predetermined concentration was added to the target cells, and reacted at room temperature for 15 minutes. Next, 100 μl of the mouse marrow-derived effector cell suspension was added (5×10⁵ cells/well), and centrifuged, and then incubated in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37° C. for 4 hours. After the incubation, the plate was centrifuged, and the radioactivity of 100 μl of the culture supernatant was counted with a gamma counter. The specific chromium release ratio of the sample was obtained according to the following formula: Specific Chromium Release Ratio (%)=(A−C)×100/(B−C) wherein A indicates a mean value of the radioactivity (cpm) in each well; B indicates a mean value of the radioactivity (cpm) of each well, in which 100 μl of aqueous 2% NP-40 solution (Nonidet P-40, Code No. 252-23, by Nacalai Tesque) and 50 μl of 10% FBS/RPMI medium were added to the target cells; C indicates a mean value of the radioactivity (cpm) of each well, in which 150 μl of 10% FBS/RPMI medium was added to the target cells.

The experiment was carried out in triplicate, and the mean value of the ADCC activity (%) of the sample was calculated.

The results are shown in FIG. 5. The Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican antibodies V22, V209 and V1608 all had enhanced ADCC activity compared to the wild-type antibody (WT).

INDUSTRIAL UTILITY

The Fc-modified humanized anti-glypican-3 antibody is useful in treating cancers, such as hepatic cancer. 

1. An anti-glypican-3 antibody comprising one or more amino acid substitutions introduced in the Fc region.
 2. An anti-glypican-3 antibody in which one or more of the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326, 330 and 332 in the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues.
 3. An anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of: (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residue at the position 332 of the Fc region is substituted with another amino acid residue; (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues; (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues; (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues; (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues.
 4. An anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of: (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, leucine at the position 330, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, alanine at the position 298, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, threonine at the position 326, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, alanine at the position 298, glutamic acid at the position 326, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region.
 5. An anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of: (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residue at the position 332 of the Fc region is substituted with glutamic acid; (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, leucine, and glutamic acid, respectively; (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid, respectively; (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, threonine, and glutamic acid, respectively; (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with aspartic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and glutamic acid, respectively.
 6. An anticancer agent comprising the anti-glypican-3 antibody as claimed in any one of claims 1-5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 7. A method of treating a patient with cancer comprising administering to the patient the anticancer agent as claimed in claim
 6. 8. A method for producing an anti-glypican-3 antibody with enhanced cytotoxicity comprising: (i) culturing a host cell engineered to express a polynucleotide coding for an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which one or more of the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted by other amino acid residues; and (ii) isolating the antibody from the culture.
 9. A method for producing an anti-glypican-3 antibody with enhanced cytotoxicity comprising: (i) culturing a host cell engineered to express a polynucleotide coding for an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of: (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residue at the position 332 of the Fc region is substituted with another amino acid residue; (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 330 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues; (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues; (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues; (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody in which the amino acid residues at the positions 239, 298, 326 and 332 of the Fc region are substituted with other amino acid residues; and (ii) isolating said antibody from the culture.
 10. A method for producing an anti-glypican-3 antibody with enhanced cytotoxicity comprising: (i) culturing a host cell engineered to express a polynucleotide coding for an anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of: (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, leucine at the position 330, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody aspartic acid at the position 239, alanine at the position 298, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, threonine at the position 326, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having aspartic acid at the position 239, alanine at the position 298, glutamic acid at the position 326, and glutamic acid at the position 332 of the Fc region; and (ii) isolating said antibody from the culture.
 11. An anti-glypican-3 antibody selected from the group consisting of: (a) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34; (b) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35; (c) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36; (d) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37; and (e) an anti-glypican-3 antibody having the CH2-CH3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 38. 